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Project Keynet
Target Groups
3.1 Youth with minimal or without qualifications
This group includes unemployed school leavers, especially low achievers, young people who failed to complete compulsory education or those who failed to continue to further education. Essentially, the lack of basic competencies of these young people is denying them the opportunity to adapt to the work situation thus becoming marginalised, facing the risk of social exclusion.
An analysis by age group (National Observatory for Employment, 1998) demonstrates a decrease in employment for the age groups under 24 years old for the last 6 years. In 1997 employment for this age group decreased by 4.3% compared to the previous year. For the age group 15-19 years old the decrease for the time period 1981-1996 reached 52.1%. One explanation for this dramatic decrease, among other reasons, is a major increase over the same period of the participation rate of young people in the education system.
Table 1. Shows developments over the time span 1993-97 in labour force, employment, unemployment, unemployment rate by age groups and alternative definitions of target groups (Institute of Social Research, 1999). First definition refers to youth without qualifications who abandoned compulsory education before its completion. Second definition of target group refers to young people without qualifications, which includes also the graduates of lower secondary education, a group which includes early upper secondary education leavers. Finally, the third definition is formed by adding the graduates of upper secondary education to the first and second definition subgroups.
Table
1:
Labour Force, Employment, Unemployment, and Unemployment Rate, by age
groups and alternative definitions,
1993 and 1997
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AGE
GROUPS
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15-19
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20-24
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25-29
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Sub-Total
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TOTAL
Labour F.
|
||||||
|
1993
|
1997
|
1993
|
1997
|
1993
|
1997
|
1993
|
1997
|
1993
|
1997
|
|
|
1ST DEFINITION |
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| Labour Force |
42.357
|
30.640
|
74.481
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48.221
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102.600
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70.521
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219.798
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149.382
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1.779.926
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1.582.312
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| Employment |
33.357
|
23.307
|
64.911
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39.805
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93.247
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62.335
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192.005
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125.447
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1.674.733
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1.481.789
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| Unemployment |
8.510
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7.333
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9.930
|
8.416
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9.353
|
8.186
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27.793
|
23.935
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105.193
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100.5
|
| Unempl. Rate |
20.09%
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23.93%
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23.26%
|
17.45%
|
9.11%
|
11.60%
|
12.64%
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16.02%
|
5.90%
|
6.35%
|
|
2nd
DEFINITION: LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION GRADUATES
|
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| Labour Force |
81.025
|
61.166
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144.634
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114.665
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170.481
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142.223
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396.140
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318.054
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2.185.816
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2.028.873
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| Employment |
60.407
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43.724
|
119.132
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90.683
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154.143
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123.818
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333.682
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258.225
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2.029.958
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1.874.013
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| Unemployment |
20.618
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17.442
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25.502
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23.982
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16.338
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18.405
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62.458
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59.829
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155.858
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154.860
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| Unempl. Rate |
25.44%
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28.51%
|
17.63%
|
20.91%
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9.58%
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12.94%
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15.76%
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18.81%
|
7.13%
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7.63%
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|
3rd
DEFINITION: UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION GRADUATES
|
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| Labour Force |
127.090
|
102.783
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356.232
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316.824
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373.999
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365.168
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857.321
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784.775
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3.281.855
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3.357.537
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| Employment |
82.090
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62.760
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266.631
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226.524
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330.590
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312.455
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679.311
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601.739
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2.696.420
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2.924.735
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| Unemployment |
45.000
|
40.023
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89.601
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90.300
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43.409
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52.713
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178.010
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183.036
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312.435
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332.802
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| Unempl .Rate |
35.40%
|
38.93%
|
25.15%
|
28.50%
|
11.60%
|
14.43%
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20.76%
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23.32%
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9.52%
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10.21%
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Source : Institute of Social Research, EKKE (1999)
According to 1991 Census there were 2.118 unemployed people who attempted to enter the labour market for the first time representing 55.5% of the unemployed in Beotia. The distribution of man and women within the unemployed population in Beotia is about the same.
Unemployment of people who never held a job
|
Unemployed
Total
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New
Entries Unemployed
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Men
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Women
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| Country Total | ||||||
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Total
|
314.200
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168.416
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165.966
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81.320
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148.234
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87.096
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%
|
|
53.6
|
|
49
|
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58.8
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Beotia
Total
|
||||||
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Total
|
3.814
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2.118
|
2.098
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1.068
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1.716
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1.050
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%
|
55.5
|
50.9
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61.2
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The age concentration of the unemployed people who never held a job, is primarily in the age group 20-29 years old (66% for male, 62 for female - same as the national average). In the category 19 years old and below the unemployment rate stands at 29% male and 33% female to a national average of 26% and 29% respectively. (Annex Table 3.1)
The other age groups don't contribute with significantly percentages. The problem of youth trying to enter the labour market seems to be predominant in the age group from 20-29.
3.2 Long term Unemployed over
40
Older workers over 40 face the risk to be excluded permanently from the labour market if they are unemployed for more than a year. The risk for exclusion stems from the fact because of long abstention from employment results often in de-skilling, regarding both vocational and social skills.
There is no data kept for the long term unemployed at the prefecture level. Data for the long terms unemployed is recorded only regionally and nationwide.
3.3 Women
The analysis of the employment statistical data overwhelmingly demonstrates that women are facing serious problems in their quest to enter the labour market and in their ability to hold a job. As it has already been indicated women show very low rates of participation in the labour market - only 20.5% of the total female population. Their share in the total population employed accounts for 25%, compared to 75% of the men. Moreover, women show higher rates of unemployment (12% according to the 1991 Census, to 6% of the men) both at the national and local level. The area's rich natural resources (mineral deposits, water, fertile fields, areas of natural beauty) in combination to its proximity to the conurbation of Athens have brought about constant growth for certain economic indicators.
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| Produced
by: UK: WJEC, NREC Germany: BILSE (Institute for Education and Research), Economic Development Company Greece: PRISMA Sweden: Swedish University Agricultural Department, Hogsby Municipality, Sweden |
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Project carried out with the support of the European Community within the framework of the Leonardo da Vinci Programme. This document does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. |
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